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s far back as 3,000 years ago, the ancient Maya practiced beekeeping. Their cultivation of sacred stingless bees—still emulated in the Yucatán Peninsula today—provided both pollination for their crops and honey to use in food, rituals and medicine.
Now, archaeologists in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo have discovered tools linked to these Indigenous apiarists: three carved limestone lids, which the Maya once used to plug the hollowed-out logs that housed their bees.
The circular lids—also known as panuchos—measure about 8 by 10 inches, says Carlos Fidel Martínez Sánchez, an archaeologist at Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), in a statement. The artifacts date to the Maya Postclassic period, which spanned roughly 950 to the early 1500s, when the Spanish conquest took place.
“Only one of them is preserved in good shape, while the other two show a high degree of erosion,” Sánchez adds.
At first, the researchers thought they were excavating a wall. But after discovering the lids, they concluded the site was once an apiary—specifically, a meliponary dedicated to cultivating Melipona beecheii, the Maya’s “sacred bee,” per Mexico News Daily. Native to Mexico, the species has no stingers. The now-endangered bees live in small colonies in hollow trees, producing a potent, citrusy honey.
“It’s much tastier honey,” Meghan Barrett, an entomologist at Indiana University Indianapolis, told NPR’s Sadie Witkowski in 2018. “It’s runnier. It’s more floral. It’s very delicious, but [there are] much smaller amounts of it, so you need a lot more bees.”
Indigenous people in the Yucatán Peninsula have cultivated the bee species for millennia, using their honey as not only a culinary sweetener but also a remedy for digestive and respiratory issues. The bees held spiritual significance, too. Ancient Maya priests presided over biannual honey harvesting and honored the animals in religious ceremonies. One Maya deity, Ah Mucen Kab, was worshipped as the god of bees and honey. He appears frequently in the 1,100-year-old Madrid Codex, one of just three surviving Postclassic manuscripts created by the civilization. The codex also details beekeeping methods.
In addition to the stone lids, the dig team found such goods as beads, ceramics, flint, an ax and a hammer. As archaeologist Hernández Estrada says in the statement, the many artifacts found in this region illustrate Maya commoners’ daily lives. Researchers have been searching the region ahead of continued development of the Maya Train, a railway connecting ancient sites and cities in the Yucatán.
